Research Article
Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi
Li Hui
,
Bian Dongmei,
Yao Jie*
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
1-18
Received:
19 January 2026
Accepted:
3 February 2026
Published:
11 February 2026
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to identify factors contributing to intraoperative hypothermia (core body temperature < 36°C) in patients undergoing holmium laser lithotripsy for urinary stones and develop feasible preventive strategies. Methods: A total of 288 patients who underwent the procedure at Xijing Hospital between April and October 2025 were enrolled. They were divided into a hypothermia group (n=177) and a non-hypothermia group (n=111) based on intraoperative hypothermia occurrence. Univariate analysis was first conducted to screen for potential risk factors, with statistically significant variables (P < 0.05) further included in multivariate logistic regression. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses, and the findings were intended to provide evidence-based guidance for nursing staff. Results: Univariate analysis showed 11 factors with statistical significance: patient gender, age, stone types, preoperative baseline body temperature, hemoglobin level, anesthesia duration, surgery duration, intraoperative positional change rate, irrigation fluid volume, intraoperative fluid input volume, and medical staff’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward thermal protection. Multivariate logistic regression identified four independent risk factors: patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume are key contributors to increased intraoperative hypothermia risk during holmium laser lithotripsy. Strengthening intraoperative temperature management for high-risk patients is crucial to prevent hypothermia and improve postoperative recovery quality.
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to identify factors contributing to intraoperative hypothermia (core body temperature < 36°C) in patients undergoing holmium laser lithotripsy for urinary stones and develop feasible preventive strategies. Methods: A total of 288 patients who underwent the procedure at Xijing Hospital between April and October 2025 were enrolled. They were divided into a hypothermia group (n=177) and a non-hypothermia group (n=111) based on intraoperative...
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Research Article
Serum Biochemical Evidence of Hepatorenal Protective Effects of n-Hexane Extract of Terminalia catappa Nuts in Metabolic Syndrome-Induced Wistar Rats
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
19-28
Received:
30 December 2025
Accepted:
12 January 2026
Published:
21 February 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.12
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Abstract: Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is associated with hepatic and renal dysfunction driven by hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, oxidative stress, and electrolyte imbalance. Terminalia catappa nuts (TCN) are rich in lipophilic bioactive compounds with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the effects of the n-hexane extract of TCN on serum biochemical markers of hepatic and renal function in Wistar rats with metabolic syndrome. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 8): negative control, metabolic syndrome control, standard drug (metformin + atorvastatin), and TCN-treated group (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day). Metabolic syndrome was induced using a high-fat and high-sugar diet. Serum liver enzymes, serum proteins, total bilirubin, creatinine, urea, and electrolytes were analysed. Data were evaluated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: The metabolic syndrome control group exhibited significant increases in ALP (148±0.98 U/L), ALT (23.4±0.25 U/L), AST (22.0±0.01 U/L), urea (5.2±0.49 mmol/L), creatinine (92.8±1.22 μmol/L), and bilirubin (10.4±0.25 μmol/L), alongside reduced total protein (65.0±0.01 g/L) and albumin (31.0±0.01 g/L). TCN treatment ameliorated these alterations. At 200 mg/kg, ALP, ALT, and AST levels decreased to 138±1.22 U/L, 20.6±0.98 U/L, and 17.8±0.49 U/L, respectively, with urea and creatinine reducing to 4.8±0.49 mmol/L and 86.2±0.74 μmol/L. The 400 mg/kg dose further improved these markers (ALP: 134±1.71 U/L; ALT: 17.0±0.01 U/L; urea: 4.2±0.74 mmol/L; creatinine: 81.4±0.74 μmol/L). At 800 mg/kg, maximum efficacy was observed, with ALP (127±1.22 U/L), ALT (12.6±0.98 U/L), urea (3.6±0.49 mmol/L), and creatinine (73.0±1.22 μmol/L) approaching baseline levels. TCN restored electrolyte balance across all doses, improved protein synthesis (TP: 68.2±0.49 g/L, ALB: 37.8±0.74 g/L), and reduced bilirubin to 6.8±0.49 μmol/L at the highest dose. Conclusion: The n-hexane extract of TCN demonstrates dose-dependent hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects, as evidenced by improvements in serum biochemical and electrolyte markers in metabolic syndrome-induced Wistar rats.
Abstract: Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is associated with hepatic and renal dysfunction driven by hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, oxidative stress, and electrolyte imbalance. Terminalia catappa nuts (TCN) are rich in lipophilic bioactive compounds with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the effects of the n-he...
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